Jack Johnson Essay Example for Free

Jack Johnson Essay Jack Johnson was conceived in Texas. He was the second in a group of nine youngsters. His folks were slaves in their past then became effective Methodists. Talking about his instruction, it must be referenced that he learned at school just for a long time and even was banned for his announcements about non-presence of the God. In any case, he prevailing in other field: it tends to be expressed with sureness that the longest authoritative Heavyweight Champion of the world was a man by the name of John Aurthur Jonson. (Zirin) Johnson had his first assault, a 16-round triumph, when he was 15. He got proficient in 1897, working in private associations and procuring a lot of cash. At that point he showed up in custody and was detained for that confining because an unlawful occupation Texas. Johnson left Galveston after discharge. (Horowitz 2007) In 1908, Johnson turned into a best on the planet after the fight with Tommy Burns. Anyway he got the title just in 1910 after the battle with Jeffries in Las Vegas. After Johnson’s battle with Jeffries race insubordination began. The Texas Legislature precluded motion pictures of his rewards over white boxes fearing more resistance. In 1913, Johnson fled on account of prepared allegations of penetrating the Mann Acts arrangements against shipping white ladies to the nation for prostitution. (Horowitz 2007) Speaking about his side interests, Remnick states that â€Å"Johnson was enamored with traditional music and played the bass viol. In October, 1936, he played the job of Rhadames, the Ethiopian general, in a Chicago Grand Opera Company creation of Aida. In no other nation on the planet are the individuals who start at the base and arrive at the top more commonly appreciated than in America. It is in this manner very difficult to avoid Johnson from Americas system of independent men, for he was positively one of the most splendid models. His ascent from neediness to worldwide popularity had in it every one of those components of sentiment and sparkle that unfailingly please humanity. † (Remnick 2003) Johnsons battling method and game accomplishments Johnsons battling strategy was amazingly person. He worked out a more open minded strategy than one anticipated that time: battling defensively, searching for a mistake, and after that utilizing it correspondingly. Johnson forever began a meeting cautiously, step by step transforming over the meetings into an increasingly relentless fighter. He habitually attempted to punish his adversaries sooner than hit them out, ceaselessly leaving behind their thumps and hitting with quick blows. He as a rule demonstrated that he had significantly more to introduce and, whenever squeezed, he figured out how to blow rather successfully. (Zirin) Johnsons technique was very fruitful; anyway it was evaluated in the media as gutless and scheming. In actuality, the white victor Jim Corbett had applied a great deal of the indistinguishable strategy as ten years prior, and was called by the media the cleverest man in boxing. One of the chief advantages of his strategies is that Johnson had the option to make colossal systematization of the previously existing battling techniques. This is unmistakably observed through the exacting structure of the battle, with each part tending to the different part of the fight. (Horowitz 2007) Thus, bit by bit, the onlooker fills the picture of the battle which he has appeared with extra perspectives and subtleties, making it multidimensional. The primary distinction and one of the fundamental points of interest of this strategy is that it is done through the assurance, during which Johnson was learning the strategies for his adversary to discover a misstep at that point. (Zirin) This indicated the ideal information on the fight methods that Johnson had †so as to comprehend strategies he ought to have known them truly well. Strategy which was utilized by the fighter is generally learning †Johnson spent rather prolonged stretch of time addressing individuals about the strategies to accumulate all data conceivable. As it was clear, the method was completely exacting, distinctive, intelligent and right. (Zirin) â€Å"No better confirmation of Johnsons expertise can be refered to than the way that his face, ears, and skin, not at all like those of most pugilists, bore no deforming marks. † (Remnick 2003) By 1902, Johnson triumphed in no under 50 fights with dark white and enemies. He got his first title in 1903, in the battle with Denver Ed Martin. His endeavors to get the full position were let down as on the grounds that Heavyweight Champion James J. Jeffries dismissed to battle with him since he was dark. All things considered, Negroes could battle with white individuals anyway the heavyweight rivalry was valued and famous game plan in America that Negroes were not viewed as admirable to partake in it. In any case, Johnson got an opportunity to have a fight with ex-champion Bob Fitzsimmons in 1907. He at last got the World Heavyweight Title in 1908, after his battle with the best on the planet Tommy Burns. The fight had fourteen rounds and them was halted in light of the fact that the Johnson’s adversary was seriously surrendered. After this triumphant over Burns, ethnic threatening vibe among white individuals turned out to be not kidding to the point that a collectivist like Jack London talked about Great White Hope to get the title again from person of color †who was impolitely delineated as a subhuman chimpanzee, carry it back it to the spot it must be at, with the better white race. Being title proprietor, Johnson subsequently needed to battle numerous rivals charged by promoters as incredible white expectations, for the most part in introduction rivalries. In 1909 Johnson crushed such warriors as Tony Ross, Victor McLaglen, Al Kaufman, Frank Moran, Stanley Ketchel. â€Å"The coordinate with Ketchel was definitely battled by the two men until the twelfth and last round, when Ketchel tossed a privilege to Johnsons head, wrecking him. Gradually recovering, Johnson tossed a directly to Ketchels jaw, taking him out, alongside a few of his teeth. His battle with Philadelphia Jack OBrien was a frustrating one for Johnson: however scaling 205 pounds to OBriens 161, he could just accomplish a six-round draw with the extraordinary middleweight. † (Remnick 2003) Johnson had three spouses; every one of them were white ladies. In any case, he had no kids. He kicked the bucket in the car crash occurred on June 10, 1946, in North Carolina. End The battles of Johnson could be seen as the reason for profound investigation and comprehension of the techniques which existed in the past battles. The criticalness of the procedure broke down here isn't under any questions; it has become certain that the strategies utilized by Johnson is effective to the point that it can't be expressed some other warrior has had the option to make a superior one considerably over the ongoing years. The noteworthiness of this strategy is progressively expanded through the two after components: most importantly, it has been done from within the fight with Johnson undertaking numerous endeavors to learn partner’s method; and second, making the genuine ends contacting the need of opponent’s conduct learning. (Stump 1963) Works Cited Remnick, David Struggle for his spirit, The Observer, 2003 Zirin, Dave The Hidden History of Muhammad Ali, Edge of Sports Stump, Al. The boisterous rule of the Black justice fighter. Valid: The Mens Magazine January 1963. Horowitz, Adam, et al. 101 Dumbest Moments in Business, CNN. com, 2007

Enterprise Rent-a-Car Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Endeavor Rent-a-Car - Case Study Example lue, or piece of the pie, great administration frameworks to obviously distinguish genuine execution and benefit (Gardiner, 2005). These achievement drivers are evident yet it is astonishing what number of organizations disregard their significance. This is especially evident in troublesome markets or monetary downturn where transient budgetary imperatives lead to cost cutting. Early setbacks are staff levels, preparing, examine, item development, insignificant' client care and so forth. These are focused on the grounds that they produce moderately simple transient cost decrease. Unexpectedly they frequently likewise decrease the capacity of the business (Rent-A-Car Home Page 2008). Venture Rent-a-Car follows a center system (separation). ... 2. So as to execute technique, Enterprise Rent-a-Car, presents solid corporate qualities and reasoning which shapes the way of life and relations. The administration approach is applicable to the business necessities of the commercial center and the circumstance of the business. The primary bit of leeway of Enterprise Rent-a-Car is administration centered strategic approaches, including getting clients and concentrating showcasing endeavors on fix shops, insurance agencies, and policyholders whose vehicles have been harmed or taken (329). The pace of progress has essentially expanded as of late and the serious field has augmented, driven by corporates with a craving for new markets, diminished boundaries to universal exchange, and innovation. Without a doubt, client needs are found and satisfied. All things considered, that has been the whole hold back of our tune of significant worth. Be that as it may, firms that attempt to convey an incentive in various nations with practically no endeavor to expand on esteem capacities recently aggregated somewhere else are, as a result, similar to combinations whose various items have no cognizant worth relationship to each other. Novel crucial estimations of the organization bolster its development and stable market position (Rent-A-Car Home Page 2008). Family proprietorship causes the organization to avoid rebuilding and keep its extraordinary qualities and brand picture. Endeavor Rent-a-Car has reacted to serious emergencies by setting up representative centered projects to improve efficiency and quality. Administrators in Enterprise Rent-a-Car have embraced the view that client centered projects can open the imaginative potential and responsibility of their clients (Dobson and Starkey 2004). 3. The principle determinants of progress are the ideal utilization of human,

International Business Healthcare

Question: Compose an article on International Business? Answer: 1. Presentation Human services areas work based on high patient fulfillment rates and positive impression of the patients about consideration quality in heath divisions. As indicated by Bryman (2012), patients fulfillment of the consideration quality is the central point that will incite the patient to profit the administrations of the medicinal services in future. Moreover, the pace of better wellbeing results are additionally activated by high fulfillment rates inside the medicinal services association. Nonetheless, the fulfillment level of the patients is hampered when a hole emerges between the observation level and the real assistance got inside the human services association. The scientist in the present report will concentrate on examining the encounters of the patients about the consideration quality offices in Mayo Clinic, USA. 2. Research issue Ongoing reviews show that around 54% of the American residents are disappointed with the nature of care gave by the medicinal services associations of USA (Abcnews.go.com, 2016). Absence of powerful consideration frameworks inside the USA medical clinics is making it hard for the Americans to utilize delayed treatment offices. Accordingly according to the reports of WHO, the pace of ceaseless ailments in USA has expanded by around 5% (Who.int, 2016). The scientist in this examination has concentrated on watching the encounters of the patients treated by May Clinic in USA. Mayo Clinic is one of the biggest and first emergency clinic benefits that were opened in USA. The facility utilizes around 3800 specialists and attendants and obliges the necessities of around 60% of the US populace (Mayoclinic.org, 2016). Notwithstanding, the medical clinic was as of late confronting objections of mistakes inside the research center tests, absence of attendants and specialists in crisis wards, abs ence of powerful consideration for senior patients, incapable help during night shifts and unhygienic conditions inside general wards (Donley, 2012). The association spends around $ 500 million for advancement of medicinal services quality inside the emergency clinic (Mayoclinic.org, 2016). In any case, the decreases in the quantity of patients are compromising the income levels of the clinic. Along these lines, the analyst concentrated on the examination issue of patients experience of the consideration quality in the emergency clinic and gives essential proposals to the issue. 3. Utilization of subjective system for explore As indicated by Dicks (2012), subjective research technique is commonly utilized if there should be an occurrence of research issues where less data is accessible and no earlier research has been directed. In this scientist the analyst will utilize the subjective research technique to effectively get the encounters of the patients who have experienced medications in Mayo Clinic. The specialist with the end goal of research will choose direct top to bottom meeting process which will assist the scientist with using open-finished survey for vis-à-vis interviews. The specialist will direct 30 minutes meet with every patient and furthermore their relatives and comprehend the issues looked by the patients for treatment benefits in Mayo Clinic. The subjective strategy will assist the analyst with gaining experiences into the view of patients identified with care quality in social insurance associations and recognize the holes of administration quality in administrations offered by Mayo Cli nic. 4. Research reason Gornall (2013) expressed that it is significant for the patients to be profoundly agreeable and happy with the administrations of the emergency clinic so as to get snappy recuperation. The analyst has chosen the momentum look into subject so as to help the human services division of USA to improve the offices. According to the WHO reports, the persevering quantities of interminable sicknesses inside over 60% of the US populace are decreasing the nature of human capital in US (Who.int, 2016). The weakening state of the medicinal services associations working in US are the significant explanation for the ascent of the pace of ceaseless sicknesses. Further, demise rate in medical clinics of US has expanded because of the high pace of emergency clinic carelessness. The significant reason behind determination of the point is to help Mayo Clinic achieve its past situation as the most profiting human services association of USA. 5. Research questions The analyst will direct the examination dependent on the accompanying exploration questions: What were your assumptions regarding the nature of care framework before benefiting the administrations of Mayo Clinic? What are the serious issues looked during the treatment procedure in Mayo Clinic? What are the significant suggestions you might want make that would improve the current consideration quality arrangement of Mayo Clinic? 6. Research plan Scientist in this examination will concentrate on utilizing engaging exploration plan for leading of the subjective research process. As indicated by Holmes (2013), utilization of elucidating research structures causes analysts to watch the examination respondents and portray the reactions in a precise way with assistance of prior hypotheses. Elucidating structures help analysts to get reactions to questions like What, Why and How. In this investigation the scientist will choose 20 respondents utilizing the arbitrary examining strategy. The respondents will incorporate patients released from Mayo Clinic, groups of patients being right now treated in Mayo center and patients experiencing drag out treatment in May Clinic. 7. Avocation for determination of subjective technique The specialist in this examination planned for understanding the discernment, issues, suppositions and proposals of the patients and their relatives about medicinal services administrations of Mayo facility. Hence, subjective research technique will assist the scientist with making fruitful examination of the human conduct. Tolich (2013) contended that quantitative research strategy is commonly utilized on the off chance that if the analyst needs to figure patterns, test connections and decide cause-impact nature of any exploration issue. The utilization of subjective technique in this examination will likewise spare the hour of the scientist as the analyst can utilize a little example of patients to break down the issues existing inside the medicinal services segment of USA. Further, the experience of the patients can't be recorded with close-finished inquiries thus the scientist has received subjective strategy which will give the chance of utilizing open-finished inquiries for the specialist. 8. End The scientist report shows that the specialist is supported in choosing subjective analyst strategy for investigating the sentiments and proposals of patients identified with social insurance administrations of Mayo center. The issues emerging inside Mayo center affirms the way that there is requirement for the exploration. The holes recognized between the patients discernment level and the genuine consideration administrations offered will assist with understanding the necessary degrees of enhancements that ought to be finished by Mayo Clinic to guarantee excellent consideration administration in USA. 9. Reference list Abcnews.go.com,. (2016).ABCNEWS.com : U.S. Medicinal services Concerns Increase. Recovered 2 January 2016, from https://abcnews.go.com/areas/living/US/healthcare031020_poll.html Bryman, A. (2012).Social research techniques. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dicks, B. (2012).Digital subjective research techniques. London: SAGE Publications. Donley, A. (2012).Research Methods. New York: Infobase Pub. Gornall, L. (2013). Joseph A Maxwell, A Realist Approach for Qualitative Research.Qualitative Research,13(4), 453-454. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468794113483232 Holmes, J. (2013). Countertransference in subjective research: a basic appraisal.Qualitative Research,14(2), 166-183. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468794112468473 Mayoclinic.org,. (2016).Mayo Clinic. Recovered 2 January 2016, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/ Tolich, M. (2013). Book survey: Martyn Hammersley and Anna Traianou, Ethics in Qualitative Research.Qualitative Research,13(4), 482-484. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468794113484270 Who.int,. (2016).WHO | How does fulfillment with the human services framework identify with tolerant experience?. Recovered 2 January 2016, from https://www.who.int/notice/volumes/87/4/07-050401/en/

Sarova Whitesands Beach Resort & Spa Essay - 275 Words

Sarova Whitesands Beach Resort & Spa (Essay Sample) Content: Sarova Whitesands Beach Resort SpaName:Institution:Sarova whitesands beach resort spa is a full time resort situated in Kenyan in north coast Mombasa (Sarova whitesands beach resort spa, 2014). It is one of the most stunning, admirable and magnificent white sand beaches in East Africa. It is a high-class resort that is all round; in that, it works on the concept that it provides all the leisure activities within its boundaries. Beside the ordinary services offered in other resort such as restaurant and guest room, sarova whitesands offer its clients other high-class facilities. The resort offers fitness and wellness facilities for its clients. The gym is equipped with state-of-the-art fitness facilities and equipments (Sarova whitesands beach resort spa, 2014). Further, it is well staffed with highly trained and disciplined gym instructors, who guide the customer on what exercises to undertake in accordance to their needs. The resort also has a center for Professi onal Association of Diving Instructors (PADI), the service help train the visitors who besides going for a holiday can gain by undertaking a short course on diving (Sarova whitesands beach resort spa, 2014). The course will help its client take full advantage of the ocean and ensure they enjoy the oceanic experience with style. Sarova whitesand also offers all sorts of water sports facilities and games; such as, jet skiing, snorkeling and scuba diving. In case the client does not want to enjoy the salty water of the ocean, the resort has other fresh water facilities. It is equipped with several swimming pools, with springboards, waterslides and diving boards. The resort also has a wide space that enables clients to enjoy all sorts of beach games like beach volleyball and beach soccer. In addition to the beach games the resort boast of four flood lit tennis courts, which can also double as helicopters landing grounds (Sarova whitesands beach resort spa, 2014). Sarova whitesands al so offers services for special interest groups like, de...

Case Study Of The Doctor Orders - 1770 Words

Kelsey Schmader HLTH200-02 Case Study 1. The doctor orders the following tests: complete blood count (CBC), ESR, hemoglobin A1C, blood glucose, urinalysis, and CT bladder. a. Describe each diagnostic test and what each test is supposed to indicate (what might each test show and why?) Make sure you give references for your answers. b. Why do you think they are appropriate for the doctor to order for Tim at this time? Make sure you give references for your answers. CBC a. The complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test that measures the number of different cells in the blood including but not limited to platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells. It may indicate whether or not the patient has low hemoglobin and hematocrit numbers†¦show more content†¦This level is elevated in those who are fatigued which is why the doctor may have ordered this test. An elevated ESR may indicate diabetes (Kavanaugh 2003). b. This test is appropriate for the doctor to order because it may indicate why Tim is feeling fatigued. Hemoglobin A1C a. A hemoglobin A1C diagnostic test is an average of blood sugars over three month period. It tells what percentage of hemoglobin carries oxygen and how much of the hemoglobin had glucose attached to it. Deals with glucose readings to get a longer evaluation of blood sugar over last three months as opposed to single finger sticks that only give blood sugar at a specific moment. That would better indicate a pattern of increased blood glucose that would lead to a diagnosis of diabetes (Manfred 2014). b. Hemoglobin A1C is a good test for Tim because it indicates his blood sugar over a longer period of time which may indicate diabetes. Extreme thirst is a common sign of diabetes and because it was a symptom of Tim the doctor ordered this test to see if he may be diabetic. Blood Glucose a. Blood glucose –see if glucose was elevated at a current moment. Fasting blood glucose may indicate diabetes or if normal numbers could rule out diabetes. b. The doctor ordered a blood glucose test for Tim to see if his blood sugar is elevated. Again, his symptoms are common signs of diabetes and this test could indicate whether or not he may have it. Tim has excessive thirst, and this is a sign of

Essay on The Perverse in the Short Stories of Edgar Allan...

Edgar Allan Poe is perhaps the best-known American Romantic who worked in the Gothic mode. His stories explore the darker side of the Romantic imagination, dealing with the grotesque, the supernatural, and the horrifying. He defined the form of the American short story. As one might expect, Poe himself eschewed conventional morality, which he believed stems from mans attempts to dictate the purposes of God. Poe saw God more as process than purpose. He believed that moralists derive their beliefs, and thus, the resultant behavioral patterns, from a priori knowledge. In Eureka, we find that Poe shunned such artifices of mind, systems which, he professed, have no basis in reality. Yet Poe employed in his writing the diction of the moral†¦show more content†¦By this time, Toby utters scarcely a sentence without oaths, his favorite of which is to bet the devil his head that he can accomplish whatever challenge lies before him. One day as the narrator accompanies Toby Dammit on a route which requires the crossing of a covered bridge, Toby bets the devil his head that he can leap over a bridge stile, pigeon winging as he performs the feat. Unexpectedly a little lame old gentleman of venerable aspect (Poe 491) interrupts with an emphatic ahem to take Toby up on his bet. The elderly gentleman wears a a full suit of black, but his shirt was perfectly clean and the collar turned very neatly down over a white cravat. Oddly, his eyes are carefully rolled up into the top of his head, and he wears a black silk apron. (491) After he takes charge of Toby, allowing him a running start, the elderly interloper takes his position just behind the stile. The narrator awaits the gentlemans One--two--three--and--away, when Toby initiates his running leap. 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His unique interpretation of the human mind could be seen in â€Å"The Black Cat.† In this short story Edgar Allan Poe embeds himself as the protagonist who are mere victims of the complexities of the mind known as revenge, anger, and perversity. â€Å"The Black Cat† shows the vital side effects of the mind recognized as revenge, anger, and perversity. This is witnessed at the very start of the short story

”The Door in the Wall” by H. G. Wells Sample Essay Example For Students

†The Door in the Wall† by H. G. Wells Sample Essay The Door in the Wall is a narrative about Lionel Wallace. the narrator’s friend who was shearching for a door he found in his childhood. The door that had led him into enchanted garden of fantastic things and people. The storyteller himself says that he doesn’t know whether Lionel himself was the possesor of an incomputable privilege or the victim of a antic dream. Even in the terminal. Redmond is non really much convinced in the world of his narrative. One of his believes was that Wallace was no more than a victim of the happenstance between a rare but non unprecendented type of hallucination and a careless trap. But Wallace was perfectly convinced in the being of the Door. To him the Door in the Wall was a existent door taking through a existent wall to immortal worlds. I believe it was his manner of get awaying from his unhappy childhood. His female parent died when he was two and was under the attention of a nursery governess. His male parent gave him small atention and was a austere. pre-occupied attorney. I presume that because of the deficiency of attending and fondness which he recieved at an early age he strated seeing the green door. I would state that the Door symbolises his allienation. solitariness and bad luck. He created for himself a whole new universe where everything was as he wanted to be and where he had everything he needed. † I forgot the kind of gravitative pull back to the subject and obeisance of place. I forgot all vacillations and fright. forgot discretion. bury all the intimate worlds of this life. I became in a minute a really glad and wonder-happy small male child – in another universe. It was a universe with a different quality. a heater. more acute and mellower visible radiation. with a swoon clear gladfulness in its air. and wisps of sun-touched cloud in the blueness of its sky. After. tall. just miss lifted me and kissed me. there was no astonishment. but merely an feeling of delicious rightness of being reminded of happy things that had in some unusual manner been overlooked. † From these lines we can see that he was really unhappy at his place. where he feared possibly his male parent who wanted so much from him but gave so small in return. You can e xperience the coldness of an English house where a immature small male child had to conceal and forbear his feelings and be disciplined and distinct. He was urgently seeking for love and apprehension which he hadn’t received at his house. Doubtless. in my sentiment. the tall. just girl represents his female parent who provides him his long quests like love. attending and security. In this portion he sees everything that he lose. what he thought that he should hold had. Merely a few minutes spent in the fantastic garden intensified him the defects of a existent life. After this event. when he returned place to world. in effort to recite what happened to him. he was punished. Because of that from the early yearss his imaginativeness had been repressed. †Even my fairy-tale books were taken off from me for a time- because I was to ‘imaginative’ . I believe his male parent wasn’t traveling to let his boy. for who he had greater programs for. to inquire off in a such a universe like that. Everyone was forbidden to listen to his narratives about it. In the garden. he mentioned two great jaguars. They coul d besides be conected to his female parent because jaguars are animate beings who nurture like female parents and combine strenght. protection and being. .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99 , .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99 .postImageUrl , .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99 , .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99:hover , .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99:visited , .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99:active { border:0!important; } .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99:active , .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99 .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u256914db590b730ef19df4db1964ec99:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The name for AIDS is short for acquired immune def EssayTo reason. I believe Wallace was merely a lost. lonely small male child throughout all of his life and that he neer recovered from the love lacking and cold place he lived in. He didn’t acquire fondness when he was a kid and that feeling of rejection followed him all his life. Even when he grew up and became Prime Minister he had feelings of letdown and dissatisfaction despite his prestigiousness. great achievments and celebrity. He ever felt like something was losing and has neer stopped dreaming of unachievable enchanted garden. He neer forgott about the Door who appeared to him few more times in life after c hildhood but he neer went in once more. He would ever happen some alibis non to travel in. He desired it so much but neer entered when he had the chance. Although he praised the garden. possibly he was afraid what he would happen if he entered. Maybe it wouldn’t be every bit good as he remembered it. possibly he would be dissapointed or would even recognize that they were non existent. Cipher really knows. It seems he could merely genuinely be happy in his ain fictional universe. †If it’s a dream. I am certain it was a day-time and all together extraordinary dream. †

Why I Picked Speech Essays - Speech And Language Pathology

Why I Picked Speech The science field of communication disorders has been of interest to me since my early childhood years. As a toddler, my younger brother Paul suffered forma severe ear infection, which caused him to lose fifty percent of his hearing. Due to this, Paul developed a speech impediment. At the age of seven I was introduced to the communication disorders field when I accompanied my brother for his first speech lesson. I remember observing through a one way mirror as the speech pathologist worked with my brother on pronunciations, syllables and playing phonics games. I recall the session as being fun and enjoyable both for Paul and the speech pathologist. My brother went to numerous sessions after this, and with my curiosity, I also attended. Now at the age of fifteen Paul has no impediment. No one would ever know he once had difficulties speaking. I enjoyed watching these lessons, and as I grew older, my curiosity grew even stronger, which made me investigate this field as a career. Due to this childhood experience, I have decided that communication disorders is the field I wish to study for my future career. Knowing the difficulty of this field has made my dedication to my academics even stronger. Throughout my four years of high school I have tried to take courses related to the communication disorders and science fields. I have been a hard working student throughout my years of schooling, because one day I hope to have an impact on children's lives the way someone did my brother's. I am an excellent candidate for the Massachusetts Association of Insurance Women, Inc. Scholarship because I have proved to be a dedicated and involved student during my Taunton High School career. Throughout my four years of high school I have excelled academically and athletically. I have been an extremely busy student. Currently The vice president of my high school, I have obtained the respect of both my peers and faculty. Many of our school functions have been left to my responsibility, such as ?Spirit Week?, ?Senior Week?, proms, school dances and more. Besides being one of the leaders of my school, I am also the captain of the Taunton High Swim Team and have been in charge of many other school and outside related committees, including the Advisory Board which converses with our school committee to discuss ways to make Taunton High a better place. Dedicating much of my time to school related activities, has been a wonderful experience. As I further my education, I plan to contin ue my involvement and further pursue my leadership qualities. Although I feel I have been an asset to my school, my desire to achieve my dream of becoming a speech pathologist can not be accomplished by dedication and inspiration alone. Being the hard worker that I am will get me far, but in this day and age money is also a necessity. Each college that I have applied and been accepted to, including Northeastern University and the University of New Hampshire requires immense sums of money. I am hoping that a good financial aid package will help defray expenses, but I know that I will need assistance from other organizations to achieve my goal. Speech and Communication Essays

Alcohol Proof Definition and Examples

Alcohol Proof Definition and Examples Grain alcohol or spirits may be labeled using proof rather than percent alcohol. Heres what proof means and an explanation of why its used and how its determined. Alcohol  Proof Definition Alcohol proof is twice the  volume  percentage of  ethyl alcohol  (ethanol) in an alcoholic beverage. It is a measure of the ethanol (a specific type of alcohol) content of an alcoholic beverage. The term originated in the United Kingdom and was defined as 7/4 the alcohol by volume (ABV). However, the UK now uses ABV as the standard to express alcohol concentration, rather than the original definition of proof. In the United States, the modern definition of alcohol proof is twice the percentage of ABV. Alcohol Proof Example:  An alcoholic beverage that is 40%  ethyl alcohol  by volume is referred to as being 80 proof. 100-proof whiskey is 50% alcohol by volume. 86-proof whiskey is 43% alcohol by volume. Pure alcohol or absolute alcohol is 200 proof. However, because alcohol and water form an azeotropic mixture, this purity level cannot be obtained using simple distillation. Determining ABV Since ABV is the basis for calculated alcohol proof, its useful to know how alcohol by volume is determined. There are two methods: measuring alcohol by volume and measuring alcohol by mass. The mass determination does not depend on temperature, but the more common percent (%) of total volume is temperature dependent. The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) requires volume percent (v/v%) measurements be performed at 20  Ã‚ °C (68  Ã‚ °F). Countries belonging to the European Union may measure ABV using either mass percent or volume percent. The United States measures alcohol content in terms of alcohol percent by volume. The percentage of alcohol by volume must be labelled, although most liquors also state proof. Alcohol content may vary within 0.15% of ABV stated on the label, for spirits containing no solids and over 100 ml in volume. Officially, Canada uses US labeling stating percent alcohol by volume, although the UK proof standard may still be seen and heard. Common spirits at 40% ABV are called 70 ° proof, while 57% ABV is 100 proof. Over-proof rum is rum containing greater than 57% ABV or exceeding 100 ° UK proof. Older Versions of Proof The UK used to measure alcohol content using proof spirit. The term came from the 16th century when British sailors were given rations of rum. In order to demonstrate the rum hadnt been watered down, it was proved by covering it with gunpowder and igniting it. If the rum didnt burn, it contained too much water and was under proof, while if it burned, this meant at least 57.17% ABV was present. Rum with this alcohol percentage was defined to be 100 ° or one hundred degrees proof. In 1816, the specific gravity test replaced the gunpowder test. Until January 1, 1980, the UK measured alcohol content using proof spirit, which was equivalent to 57.15% ABV and defined to be spirit with a specific gravity 12/13 that of water or 923 kg/m3. Reference Jensen, William.  The Origin of Alcohol Proof(PDF). Retrieved November 10, 2015.

Philosophical Analysis of Terrorism and Torture Essay

Philosophical Analysis of Terrorism and Torture - Essay Example Modern wars are by design, not in alignment with the Just War Doctrine. Justification to initiate and continue a war is dependent upon the propaganda that starts before a war, continues and evolves according to the circumstances during this heinous act and subsides long after the war is over. It is therefore safe to assert that the Just War Doctrine does not in any way provide the control required to limit the violence related to war; instead it functions to guide the powerful forces to seek suitable justifications regarding initiation of the war process; no matter how misaligned the justifications. War conventions fail to substantiate in cases where the powerful forces regard their opponents as being â€Å"less than humans†. US attack on Iraq for eradication of weapons of mass-destruction can be regarded as a recent example of this scenario. Despite inflicting immense damage to the target country, no such weapons were recovered; the justification of war was hence flawed. Judging torture in the light of ethical theories can bring forth variable outcomes. The proponents of torture present it as the only available means for revelation of information that is essential to provide protection to other humans. An example in this regard is the ‘ticking bomb’ scenario that is often presented to convince people about the importance of torture as a means of ensuring the safety of masses. Judging torture from the deontological perspective brings forth the fact that torture should be avoided at all costs (Gordon 62). Since the proponents of deontological approach are inclined towards highlighting the importance of ‘duty’ without regard to the ‘outcome’; this approach demands that the general approach of treating the suspects be in accordance to the ethical principles and hence torture should be avoided at all costs. This is in contradiction to other ethical approaches which take into account the

Topic #2 Discuss the role of social medias influence (Twitter, Essay

Topic #2 Discuss the role of social medias influence (Twitter, Facebook, and Youtube) in the lives of children and young teens today - Essay Example Since the social media sites, such as Facebook or Tweeter, gained its significant popularity, much has been said about their potentially negative influence on people, and children and teens in particular as they are the most vulnerable. In this context, among the most disturbing has been the new phenomenon – cyberbullying, which is maintained online. According to the American Humane Association, approximately 42 percent of young Americans are bulled via Internet, but the overall amount of children and teenagers involved in bullying as either perpetrators or bystanders is much greater. ("American Humane Association") Obviously, the following negative experience can lead to the variety of adverse outcomes, such as depression, poor self-esteem, isolation, anxieties, sleep disorders, and even suicidal thoughts. Moreover, it was revealed that social media often plays a role in the development of narcissism among the young individuals. At present, communication via social media comprises of much more than texting and writing messages to a friend. In fact, a great amount of time online is spent on sharing photos, postings, and updates of statuses which are centered on self-promotion and self-glorification. (Stenovec) In this regard, networking becomes a means of crafting personal image in a way that would be appealing to others. The following can result in the growing ego-centrism, inadequate value of personal opinion, and decreased empathy. In addition, a fake image of self can make one confused about personal identity and lead to inappropriate self-perception. Apart from negative effects, social media is also associated with the list of positive influences of children and teenagers. Among the most crucial can be mentioned the rise of cultural and political awareness, which results from the fact of being constantly surrounded by various

Social Dimensions of Child Abuse in KSA Essay Example for Free

Social Dimensions of Child Abuse in KSA Essay First of all, I wish to laud you for having tackled these important aspects of the problem you wish to do research on: You have an excellent grasp of long-term outcomes, policy changes (p. 7) Acknowledging that some baseline research has already been done (p. 5) Difficulties (p. 6), really Limitations which you must address by recommending suitable methodology Research objectives (p. 6) May I suggest you restructure in this fashion? INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND One paragraph on â€Å"why should we be concerned about child abuse?† One long paragraph on historical prevalence (cite authoritative sources, including those that have parallels to the domestic/family/society practices in KSA). One (long) paragraph on the moral and policy framework espoused by international organizations (e.g. UNICEF?) The child abuse prevalence, social philosophy and policy framework in selected countries (It is good to cite the U.S. but are there others? Notably Muslim ones?) Please consider moving the sentence at the bottom of page 3 here. It’s an effective recap. REVIEW OF LITERATURE You have ten references lined up in the bibliography.   Why not do justice to your research by summarizing what you’ve found in them?   Perhaps in this sequence? Prevalence of child abuse in KSA and other Muslim societies Types of child abuse committed in KSA Why it may be under-reported. (This is where the current content of â€Å"Difficulties of the study† really belongs. Cite sources.) The social factors behind child abuse Social, religious and policy support for combating child abuse in KSA. What legal support is there for intervening in domestic cases of child abuse, for treating both abuser and victim?   In any society, physicians would be hamstrung if laws did not exist to mandate reporting of abuse and penalties for offenders.   Everybody would just sweep things under the rug. How victims are aided/helped and offenders treated What information gaps still exist? IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY Then you’d bring in the pioneering role of KFSHRC here to affirm that some organization is doing something about child abuse but (point G. above) there remain information gaps that must be addressed if effective remedial measures are to be proposed. RESEARCH PROPOSAL PROPER Research Objectives Revise, expand or tone down according to what you have already found in Review of Literature above. 4th bullet point: replace â€Å"volume† with â€Å"incidence† or â€Å"prevalence† 5th and 6th bullet points: move to â€Å"OUTCOMES† below Consider taking out the 7th point, this involves you in doing longitudinal studies. Last bullet point: please consider re-writing to make it more specific or measurable, e.g., â€Å"Formulating – via professional consensus – a structured process for resolution, therapy and general management of abuse patients and offenders†¦.† Type of Study Considering the ticklish social situation you speak about, please think about augmenting your methodology with qualitative methods, e.g., focus groups, depth interviews and projective techniques. Target Respondents The seven points you made at the top of page 6 work better here to help shape your considerations (or rationale) for tackling different types of respondents and the data-gathering approach suitable for each one. Consider adding educators to your sample.   Not all child abuse cases result in physical trauma and not all traumas are reported to pediatricians either.   Do you have something like social welfare workers in KSA?   They might be a good source, too. Study Instruments Under Questionnaire, â€Å"This questionnaire consists of several parts† I think what you really mean is that you plan to create different versions depending on whether you’re interviewing physicians, parents, abused children or adults who can tell you about having been maltreated as children.   I believe you want to tread carefully about promising to interview abused children, this is one of the most challenging â€Å"discovery/disclosure† type of sessions counselors have to undertake. OUTCOMES This is where your statements on pages 6 and 7 belong. Your situation strikes me as one of advocacy, i.e., you want to provide a firmer basis for recognizing the problem, for professionals to take action and for government to provide legislative support.   You might also co-opt Sharia, if Koranic law has anything to say about child abuse. A FINAL NOTE: I’m not sure what â€Å"missing paragraphs† you allude to, that’s why I sent the earlier message.   The way we work, in any case, supplemental writing would be covered by filing a second order of the â€Å"Edit† type.   This is a â€Å"Review† order.   Good luck.   Hope all the above have helped.

International Space Station Essay -- essays research papers

International Space Station   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The International Space Station, a worldwide project, is the next goal in a quickly growing space frontier. The station will be the first and next step towards researching the vast unknown world of outer space. What will be learned by this station? NASA has only the highest hopes that with the newest advancements in technology up in space, the fundamental physical, chemical, and biological processes can be examined with the absence of gravity, because of the space station.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The space station has been a long awaited project, as the first space station idea was drafted up in 1984. A resolution was made to place a permanent, livable space station in orbit. When President Ronald Reagan announced his 1984 State of the Union address, he included plans for a space station to be in orbit by the mid 1990’s. The idea of having an operable, livable, space station seemed to be inconceivable to everyone who heard that speech. As the ideas for this project began to take off, the main concern was money. How much funding would be necessary to construct a space station? At first, NASA could only work within the agency’s estimated $8.5 billion dollar budget. It was in 1984 when the first construction plan was unveiled, called “Freedom.'; A “power tower'; concept was designed, which is a long slender unit that would be the center of the entire structure. This tower would be a long, narrow piece of latticework, chosen for its stability and to avoid the use of every day thrusts to maintain its altitude. All the laboratory modules would then surround the “power tower.'; A free-flyer module would be used to conduct experiments in incessant, stable conditions away form the main tower structure. The “power tower'; concept required too many parts and shuttle missions for it to be completed. That would force the cost of the project to exceed NASA’s budget. The following year in 1985, a new, updated station concept was drafted. This was called the “dual keel'; concept, and included two vertical towers joined and braced together with three horizontal beams. This structure would allow four pressurized operable and livable modules to be placed around the central meeting points of the beams... ...on. A cooperative effort among 16 nations, the International Space Station will provide living quarters and science labs for long-term stays for up to seven astronauts. In building, operating, and performing research on the station, humanity will gather meaningful experience for future travels beyond Earth orbit. While the station is certain to teach us more about the human body in space, reactions to extended periods in zero gravity, and the effects of these experiments, nothing in this project is guaranteed. NASA is optimistic, but has planned for the worse. Helping the ESA construct three expendable space vehicles by 2003 that could carry and fly the entire station back to earth if needed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But perhaps the most telling part about this space station is that once completed it will be the size of a city block and will be one of the brightest objects in the sky. That is still years away, but like all great structures ever built, this may be the most dangerous and expensive. The ISS will be a spectacular, challenging experience for us all, and the world can only wait to see what the International Space Station will bring back to the human civilization. International Space Station Essay -- essays research papers International Space Station   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The International Space Station, a worldwide project, is the next goal in a quickly growing space frontier. The station will be the first and next step towards researching the vast unknown world of outer space. What will be learned by this station? NASA has only the highest hopes that with the newest advancements in technology up in space, the fundamental physical, chemical, and biological processes can be examined with the absence of gravity, because of the space station.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The space station has been a long awaited project, as the first space station idea was drafted up in 1984. A resolution was made to place a permanent, livable space station in orbit. When President Ronald Reagan announced his 1984 State of the Union address, he included plans for a space station to be in orbit by the mid 1990’s. The idea of having an operable, livable, space station seemed to be inconceivable to everyone who heard that speech. As the ideas for this project began to take off, the main concern was money. How much funding would be necessary to construct a space station? At first, NASA could only work within the agency’s estimated $8.5 billion dollar budget. It was in 1984 when the first construction plan was unveiled, called “Freedom.'; A “power tower'; concept was designed, which is a long slender unit that would be the center of the entire structure. This tower would be a long, narrow piece of latticework, chosen for its stability and to avoid the use of every day thrusts to maintain its altitude. All the laboratory modules would then surround the “power tower.'; A free-flyer module would be used to conduct experiments in incessant, stable conditions away form the main tower structure. The “power tower'; concept required too many parts and shuttle missions for it to be completed. That would force the cost of the project to exceed NASA’s budget. The following year in 1985, a new, updated station concept was drafted. This was called the “dual keel'; concept, and included two vertical towers joined and braced together with three horizontal beams. This structure would allow four pressurized operable and livable modules to be placed around the central meeting points of the beams... ...on. A cooperative effort among 16 nations, the International Space Station will provide living quarters and science labs for long-term stays for up to seven astronauts. In building, operating, and performing research on the station, humanity will gather meaningful experience for future travels beyond Earth orbit. While the station is certain to teach us more about the human body in space, reactions to extended periods in zero gravity, and the effects of these experiments, nothing in this project is guaranteed. NASA is optimistic, but has planned for the worse. Helping the ESA construct three expendable space vehicles by 2003 that could carry and fly the entire station back to earth if needed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But perhaps the most telling part about this space station is that once completed it will be the size of a city block and will be one of the brightest objects in the sky. That is still years away, but like all great structures ever built, this may be the most dangerous and expensive. The ISS will be a spectacular, challenging experience for us all, and the world can only wait to see what the International Space Station will bring back to the human civilization.

Ethical and Psychological Egoism Essay

At first glance the theories of ethical egoism and psychological egoism may seem to be very similar, but in fact they differ greatly with respect to their status as making prescriptive or descriptive claims. Ethical egoism is a consequentialist ethical theory that argues each individual should seek to do what is solely in his or her self-interest, and in this fashion it makes a prescriptive claim. Moseley (2006) describes it in this way: â€Å"it is always moral to promote one’s own good, and it is never moral not to promote it. † Similarly, Rand (1964) defines it with respect to selfishness: â€Å"The attack on ‘selfishness’ is an attack on man’s self-esteem; to surrender one is to surrender the other† (p. 7). Therefore, for example, when facing the moral question of whether or not to buy Fairtrade coffee, ethical egoism dictates that the individual should not necessarily think about the employees who pick the beans in Columbia, but should instead consider whether or not buying Fairtrade will give that individual a good image, improve his or her own context, etc. In its strong version, ethical egoism asserts that it is always morally correct to seek one’s own good and never moral to not seek the same, whereas the weak version argues for the former, but not the latter. In this respect, according to strong ethical egoism, I should buy Fairtrade coffee only because of how it benefits me and the thought of benefit for any other person should not even be a consideration. The weak theory, however, still insists I buy the coffee because it benefits me, but it will not necessary condemn me if I also consider the benefit my purchase may bring to Columbian workers for their own sakes. Psychological egoism, in contrast to ethical egoism, is a purely descriptive theory in that it attempts to describe the way in which humans function: it claims the â€Å"fact† that every individual’s actions are driven solely by self-interested ends. However, in this descriptive theory there lies a problematic fallacy. Once one accepts the premise of psychological egoism, namely that everything an individual does is out of concern for self-interest, it is impossible to offer any counter-examples to the theory. For example, if I am a captain of a ship and have decided my crew is planning a mutiny against me, every action that the crew does, whether hostile or simply unimportant, will be interpreted by me as supporting my mutiny hypothesis. In other words, the theory of psychological egoism is simply non-falsifiable. A further difference between ethical egoism and psychological egoism is the doctrine of motivation that undergirds each. Because psychological egoism is merely a descriptive theory, it draws its motivation from nature, or simply â€Å"the way things are†. In this respect, a philosopher like Hobbes (1651) can argue for his contract theory of the state in order to thwart the natural inclinations of humanity to kill one another. His starting assumption is that the state of nature serves as the foundation or motivation for psychological egoism. On the other hand, ethical egoism as a prescriptive theory derives its motivation from the desires of the individual to maximize his or her own self-interests. Self-interest does not mean selfishness, per se, insofar as selfishness pushes for the maximization of individual gains without consideration of others. Rather self-interest may have a communal aspect which allows for achievement of personal goods that, though directed toward the benefit of the individual, may in fact correspond with achievement of goods for others (see footnote 1). Hobbes, T. (1651) Leviathan. Forgotten Books ebook. Retrieved from http://www. forgottenbooks. org Moseley, A/ (2006) Egoism. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from http://www. cep. utm. edu/e/egoism. htm Rand, A. (1964) The Virtue of Selfishness. New York: Signet, 1970

Environmental Policies Turkey

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6198 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 4. Energy and Environmental outlook of Turkey Energy is accepted as a most important factor in economic development. On the other hand environmental impacts of industrial and economical development becomes more evident in recent years. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Environmental Policies Turkey | Politics Dissertation" essay for you Create order In order to mitigate the environmental effects of industrial and economical development is to take long term solutions for sustainable development. Therefore, this chapter explains the main characteristics of Turkeys general energy outlook and environmental indicators. It starts begin to lay out the diversity of Turkeys conventional energy resources and level of energy consumption (oil, coal, natural gas, etc) including electricity production and consumption. In the second part it analyses environmental impacts of industrial and economical development. Finally, in the third part it examines therenewable energy sources and consumption (wind energy, Hydropower, Biomass, etc) which are used to replace the conventional energy resources to lower the Green House Gas Emissions (GHG) and establish sustainable development within Turkey. 4.1 Conventional Energy sourcesand consumption of Turkey Large increase in energy demand is observed particularly for electricity and natural gas in Turkey. In 2002 %48 of total energy demand of Turkey is supplied by domestic production. Total energy demand will hit 308 one million tone of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2020. Energy import will hit 226 Mtoe and domestic production will reach 81 Mtoe in 2020 (Ogulata, 2002). Turkeys five main energy sources are oil, natural gas, coal, hydroelectric and renewable energy sources. Also In 2006 Turkeys total electric production reached 175.5 milliards kWh and energy demand reached 174 milliards kWh. In this period product of electrical power acquired from natural gas (%44), from hydraulic (%25,1), from lignite (%18,4), from imported coal (%6,3), from fuel oil (%3), from pit coal (%1,6) and from naphtha (%1,1) (Soyhan, 2009). As the data lays out Turkey main energy sources are conventional energy sources like oil, coal and natural gas. And regarding Turkeys fossil fuel reserves, which total 254 Mtoe, Turkey will continue import energy in the years ahead. It is also important to emphasize that the main distinctive property of Turkish Economy is that (Gross National Product-GNP) per capita and energy use per capita both increased 2 percent per annum (Jobert et al, 2007).While the economy continues to develop, energy demand increase simultaneously, particularly which are produced from fossil fuels. 4.1.1 Oil Oil is the main source of energy in Turkey. In 2008 Turkeys domestic crude oil potential was 37,3 million ton/6,72 billion barrel according to Ministry of Energy and Natural resources of Turkeys data. Turkeys oil consumption has continued to increase and hit the amount of 690 thousand barrel per day in 2007 and surpass domestic production levels. In 2007, Russia isTurkeys top supplier of oil. Also Iran is Turkeys second largest crude oil provider.(United States Energy Information Administration(EIA), 2009 https://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Turkey/Oil.html). Table1 As demonstrated in Table 1, the gap between Turkeys oil production and consumption was getting larger between 1990 and 2004.Oil has the main share of %44 in total energy consumption. Despite of the target of reducing the dependance on oil lower than 40% in 10 years, new investment on oil research is very essential.Turkeys Petrols and Anonym Association (TPAO) is undertakin oil researchs in Turkey,in addition the surrounding areas (Soyhan, 2009) 4.1.2 Natural Gas According to diversification attempts of energy sources, natural gas was newly introduced to Turkish Economy. Since 1970 natural gas contribution in energy production was increased from 0% to 20,6%. Also in 2006 %44 of electric production came from natural gas. Turkeys natural gas resources are limited so domestic production capacity in total consumtion is 3%. In 2005 total natural gas consumtion hit 27 milliard m3. In order to close the gap between demand and production Turkey began to import natural gas from Soviet Union in 1985.At the present Natural gas is mainly used to produce electric power. 17% of natural gas is consumed in factories as energy source and 15% is consumed in housing. In 2005 Turkey was the 7th biggest consumer in Europe. In 2020 Turkey will consume 50 billion m3 natural gas (Soyhan, 2009) 4.1.3 Coal Turkey has large reserves of coal, especially of lignite. The lignite reserves are 8.0 billion tons. The total forecasted coalreserves are 30 billion tons (Kaygusuz, 2002). Coal is one of the primary enery source by %24 of the total sorces of the country.Coal is used primarly for power production, cement production and in steel industry.The Turkish government intends to increase the coal supply from 20.1 Mtoe in 1999 to 118.4 Mtoe in 2020 (Soyhan, 2009). 4.1.4. Electricity Electricity is also major energy source for industry and home usage by itself.The energy sources that are used to generate electricity can be renewable or conventional (non-renewable like coal, oil and natural gas). But electricity is mostly generated by conventional energy sources in Turkey so it is worth to mention in this chapter. Electricity production from domestic resources is about 40% at present and will decrease to 20% by the year 2020. So remaining electricity supply for the year 2020 must be ensured by imported resources. By 2020 68% of electricity demand will be met by coal, oil and natural gas. (Salvarli, 2006) Turkey may cover the extra-required energy from of hydroelectric, natural gas and renewable sources. If all hydroelectric power used, maximum production would hit 128 milliard kWh. If all of the coal sources would be consumed it is possible to produce 120 milliard kWh electricity, with all natural gas sources the electric production may hit335 milliard kWh. None of the plans that are mentioned can cover the electric demand for 2020, sot Turkey would import extra electricity demand from abroad (Soyhan, 2009). 4.2 Environmental impacts of Industrial and Economical Development 2008 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) producedby the World Economic Forum ranks Turkey 72nd out of 149 countries. Additional to EPI, Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) puts Turkey in a 62th place among 235 countries (Baykan, 2009). On the other hand when we look at the CO2 emisions, Turkeys CO2 emissions were at 2.87 tons in 2003, far lower than the OECD average of 11.08 tons and also Turkeys share in world emissions was 0.81% (Akbostanci et al, 2009). Although Turkeys contribution to CO2 emissions quite low, unplanned urbanization, industrialization, coupled with increasing population cause a big pressure on Turkeys environmental structure and cause to increase in CO2 emissions. Turkey is 7th country amon European Uninon (EU) member contries according to carbon dioxide volume (215 million tones) in 2005. Turkey also ranks first regarding the industrial emmisions (Baykan, 2009) CO2 emissions are also important regarding environmental impact. The TURKSTAT (Turkish Statistical Institute)data shows that amount of CO2 emissions from consuming fossil energys sources stand at 223.4 (Giga Gram-Gg) as of 2004. TURKSTAT forecasts that the amount of CO2 emissions from energy production will hit 343 Gg by 2010 and to 615 Gg by 2020. The major part of CO2 emissions come from electricity production (Telli et al, 2008). Also TPES (total primary energy supply) will almost double between 2002 and 2020, with coal accounting for an important share, rising from 26% in 2002 to 36% in 2020, principally replacing oil, which is expected to drop from 40% to 27%. Such trends will lead to a significant rise in CO2 emissions, which are projected to reach nearly 600 Mt in 2020, over three times 2002 levels (International Energy Agency. Energy Policies of IEA Contries, 2005) Table 2 Turkeys energy need has been increasing with a rate of 6% for decades as a result of fast urbanization and industrialization. The energy distribution according to sectors is like this industry 36%, heating 35%, transportation 20%, and other areas 9%. The major energy consumers of the industrial sectors are the iron and steel sector, chemicals and petrochemicals, and textile and leather industries. Because of the scarce domestic energy sources and production capacity, Turkey depends on import primarily on oil and gas. At present, about 30% of the total energy demand is met by domestic resources. (Okay et al, 2008). According to Table 3, it can be seen that rapid growth in CO2 emissions in all major sectors between 1973 and 2002. This trend will continue to persist because of the industralization and urban development. Table 3 Turkeys rapid economic development comes with the environmental burden. One of the major concern is air pollution. The fast growth in energy consumption, especially the excalating use of lignite, increasedSO2 emissions in power sector. On the other hand NO2 emissions are lower than SO2 emissions in Turkey, but they tend to increase fast due to high energy demand (Kaygusuz, 2002).The main contributer of SO2 emissions is the power sector. It contributes more than 50% of total emissions. The major pollutants related with energy use are sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and total suspenden particulates (TSP).For Turkey these emissions come mainly from the combustion of coal, oil poducts and fuelwood.Coal is used in thermal power plants to generate electricity is one of the major source of pollution. The industrial sector is also one of the main contributer. According to year 2000 figures, coal and lignite are resposible for 32% of electricity production and 33% of final energy consumption in industrial sector. (M. Ocak et al, 2004) In the transport sector estimated growth of energy consumption is not as fast as that in the power generation and industrial sectors, the growth potential for pollutant emissions is large (M. Ocak et al, 2004). 4.3 Renewable Energy Sources and consumption of Turkey and Sustainable Development Sustainable development is a way of utilization that helps to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met for future generations (United Nations, 1987, https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm). Regarding sustainable development, one of the main subject is the developing countries and their problems like in the case of Turkey.Among the problems of the developing countries; unemployment, poverty, high population growth, migration from rural areas to the urban areas, rapid and unplanned urbanization, environmental pollution, inadequacy of infrastructure and services, excessive use of natural resources and energy can be observed (Levent, 1999) Turkey is a mainly energy importing country. Because of the increasing energy demand and consumption, pollutin is getting worse. But amongs other type of pollutions, air pollution needs immediate concern.From this point of view renewable energy resources are one of most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution preventation in Turkey (Kaygusuz, 2002). As a candidate for EU membershirp, Turkey has to comply with the requriements of EU membership. EU countries will acquire 21% of their energy demand from renewable energy sources by the year 2010 which is mentioned in directive 2001/77/EC (27 March 2001) on Promotion of Electiricty Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the International Electricity Market (Ozgur, 2008). Turkey has considerable potential for renewable energy sources and environmental technoligies. In fact Turkey has significant reserves of renewable energy sources. According to year 2000 data renewable energy production represented about 9.51 Mtoe and renewables are the second largest domestic energy source after coal. Slightly less than two-thirds of this production is supplied by biomass and animal waste; another one-third is supplied by hydropower and about 0.5% of the total is produced from geothermal, wind and solar sources (Kaygusuz, 2002). 4.3.1 Hydropower Turkey is poor regarding the main energy sources like oil and natural gas but has substantial hydropower potential. It is the second largest energy source in Turkey. Hydroelectric potential in Turkey is nearly 1% of the world potential, 16% of the European potential. Nearly 65% of hydroelectric potential are still not converted to energy (Soyhan, 2009) The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources(MENR) plans to expand hydro capacity to 35 000 Mwe (Mega Watt Electric) by the year 2020. Also goverment plans to construct 332 more hydro plants in long term. If the plans are achievedi the total number of plants reach to 485, and more than 19 GW (Giga Watt) of capacity to hydro system. The another importan project relating with hydro power is GAP (South-eastern Anatolia Project). It covers one tenth of Turkeys total lan area. After it is complete GAP will add 7476 MW. All of these planned developments cost US$ 30.Main advantages of hydro power are renewable source of energys, not polute the environment, operaiton cost is low billion (Nalan et al, 2009). 4.3.2 Solar Energy Because of the geographic location, Turkey has rich solar potential. Turkey with its average annual sunshine duration of 2610 h and an average solar intensity of 3.6 kWh. As Turkey lies near the sunny belt between 36 and 42N latitudes, most of the locations in Turkey receive rich solar energy. Average annual temperature is 1820 C on the south coast, falls down to 1416C on the west coast, and fluctuates 418C in the central parts (Soyhan, 2009). The installed solar collecter areawas recorded as 7,5 million m2 in 2001 and 10 million m2 in 2004. From these collectors, commonly used in Mediterranean and Aegean regions, heat energy about 290 and 375 ktoe/year was provided in 2002 and 2004 respectively.On the other hand PV (photovoltaic solar cells) and solar collectors used to produce electric energy from solar energy have high installing cost so no economical usage is available today.Because of the economical and technical restraints only 5% of the technical potential is economically available for electiricty generation (Ozgur, 2009). 4.3.3 Wind Energy Wind energy is one of the most widely used renewable source of electricty around the world. In Turkey, the western, northern and south eastern coasts of Anatolia are identified as most favorable areas for wind power generation with an annual average wind speed and power density of about 2.5 m/s and 25.8 W/m2. Technical wind potential of Turkey is given as 88,000 GW and the economic potential is forecasted as 10,000MW. The current production situation of wind energy projects is between 727.96 and 817.96 MW. The main wind energy projects are concentrated in the Aegean (16 projects) and Meditrranean (9 projects). The installed capacity of wind energy is expected to reah 600 MW by 2010 and 1000 MW by 2020.(Nalan et al, 2009) 4.3.4 Geothermal Amongst the most environmental friendly powers geothermal energy has a special place. It produces electricity with about one-sixth of the carbon dioxide that a natural gas-fueled power plant produces, and with small amount of the nitrous oxide or sulphur-bearing gases. Turkey has 170 number of geothermal surface where fluids are over than 49C. Canakkale-Tuzla, Kutahya-Simav, Aydin Salavatli, Aydin-Germencik, Denizli-Kizildere, Manisa-Salihli-Caferbeyli, Izmir Seferihisar, Dikili, and Denizli Golemezli are convenient to produce electricity while the rest are convenient only for instant usage. There are 51,600 housing equivalent heating is already accessible in Turkey and the thermal power hit 493 MWt. Furthermore totally 194 thermal springs are accessible for health tourism in Turkey equal to 327 MWt. According to world data Turkey is the fourth country using capacity with 820 MWt. Thermal potential hit nearly 2600 MWt. Probable geothermal volume is about 31,500 MWt in Turkey. It shows that30% of the total houses (five million houses) can be heated by geothermal sources (equivalent to 32 billion cubic meters natural gas) in Turkey. In 2005, electricity production volume was got to 185 MWe and by building new geothermal electric plants, Turkey is planning to get 500 MWe in 2010 and 1000 MWe in 2020 (Soyhan,2009) 4.3.5 Biomass Biomass is a renewable energy source in which biological material acquired from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is generally plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce heat. For instance, forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings and wood chips may be used as biomass. Biomass also contains plant or animal matter used for production of fibers or chemicals. Biomass may also contain biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. It eleminates organic material such as fossil fuel which has been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum (Wikipedia, 2009, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass) The biomass fuel period has near zero net emissions of CO2. But it is hard to gather large quantities of biomass wastes because of their scattered nature. The accesibility of some types of biomass is seasonal. On the other hand annual productions of most biomass are volatile between years depending on climate conditions. Biomass is also hard and costly to transport (Nalan et al; 2009) At present Turkeys major renewable source is biomass and animal waste (67.4% of TPES) but anticipated to decline in share and absolute terms in the future as the convenience and options of oil, gas, coal, or electrical heating and cooking become available. Turkeys total retrievable bioenergy capacity was 196.7 TWh (16.92 Mtoe) in 1998 out of which 55.9 TWh (4.81 Mtoe) was from crop residues, 50 TWh (43 Mtoe) from forestry and wood processing residues, 48.3 TWh (41.6 Mtoe) from firewood, 27.3 TWh (23.5 Mtoe) from animal wastes, and 15.1 TWh (13 Mtoe) from municipality wastes (Soyhan, 2009) 5. Kyoto Protocol and Beyond: Position of Turkey The threat of global warming and climate change has deepened in late 1980s. A main source of global warming was increased GHG (CO2 emissions, in particular), the first response was the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which was issued at the Rio Summit of 1992. According the UNFCCC the Annex-I countries dedicated, on a voluntary basis, to limit their gaseous emissions to 1990 levels. The OECD (1992) and EU countries further became a member to form the Annex-II bloc and complied to provide technical and financial assistance to those countries that remained outside the Annex-I to aid their environmental policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Telli, 2008) After UNFCCC agreement, 38 industrialized nation have compromised on the Kyoto Protocol to limit GHG emissions in December 1997.The agreement which is bound by the law of nations requires worldwide GHG emissions to be cut by 5,2% percent compared to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012. Additional to this, the Kyoto protocol allows emission trading. Each country can have credit for GHG reductions achieved in another member country by Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). These instrument provides access to trading oppotunities with non-member countries (i.e the less developed world) (Hackl et al, 1999). 5.1. Turkeys Position Turkey which is the member of the OECD was initialy listed in both Annexes-I and II of the UNFCCC in 1992. But imposing for its special circumstances, Turkey did not become a member of the Convention. The major difference between Annex I and Annex II was that the countries with economies in transition to free market in Central and Eastern Europe were included in Annex I, but not in Annex II. During the negotiations on the UNFCCC, Turkey objected to being included in both Annexes and it continued its reservation to the Annexes after the Convention had been adopted. Turkey did not ratify the UNFCCC. For Turkey, its inclusion in Anexes I and II was problematic because the countrys per capita GHG emissions were much lower than those in the EU (almost a factor three less) and its economic profile too much different from the other Annex II countries to be able to commit itself to technology and financial transfers to developing countries. Eventually, Turkey requested the Conference of the Parties (COP) to recognise its special circumstances within Annex I. This resulted in Decision 26/CP.7 taken by COP-7 in 2001. Following that decision, Turkey officially announced that it would accede to the UNFCCC by publishing Law No.4990 in the Official Gazette on 16 October 2003. The official accession took place on 24 May 2004. (Joint Implementation Quarterly, 2007). Turkey also ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 5th of Februrary 2009, but Protocol does not put an additional load on Turkey until 2012. Turkey was not a party to the convention adopted in 1992, when the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated, and it is not currently included in the agreements Annex B, which includes 39 countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 (World Wildlife Fund, 2009) Turkey signed the protocol because Turkey wants to join the talks that shape the plan after the Kyoto Protocols commitment period (2008-2012). 5.2 Beyond the Kyoto Protocol: Copenhagen After the Kyoto Protocol biggest problem is to find a solution of sharin global emissions reduction between fast devoloping countries like China and India and industrialised regions like US and Europe.In December 2007, goverment representatives from 190 countriesagreed to work out a new climate treaty by the end of 2009 (UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, 7-18 December 2009). If the parties agreed upon on new deal, it would need to come into force before January 2013.The main issues are long-term targets for cutting emissions and reverse dangerous climate change impacts. Addition to that the introduction of a technology-transfer mechanism to permit developing countries to act towards low-carbon economies. (Euractiv, 2009, https://www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/climate-change-road-copenhagen/article-180706) Before UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009, the main problem is funding for climate chage and adaptation in deceloping countries. The countries in the industrialisation phase insist that already developed countries have a historical responsibility for climate change. According to this less developed countries want to get assist from developed countiries in acquiring technologies needed to stop GHG. On the other hand developed countries like The EU members and US want to developing countries to join by compiling national emission reduction strategies before they give any money under the agreement for technology development. The other importan problem is the level of each partys contribution to emissiond reduction. According to the figuresby the UNFCCC which are published on 11 August 2009, the emission reduction limits for industrialised countries would be in a 15-21% cut from 1990 levels. But the most important thing is that these levels exclude the US, which did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. US would water down the overall goal as it only plans a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020 in its draft climate bill that pledges to cut emissions by 17% from 2005 levels (Euractiv, 2009, https://www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/bonn-climate-talks-augur-badly-copenhagen-summit/article-184601) Both developed countries and major developing countries including Turkey, have be quick to address its binding commitments on GHG emissionsuntill the next UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2009 (Pamukcu, 2008). 6. European Union Environmental Acquis There was no particular adaption regarding environmental protection in the agreements that establish the European Union. On the other hand, according to the major target of the Europen Union that promotes the living condition of the human kind, common attention is needed for the environment.Another aspect to promote the environmental policies in European Union is that the environmental policies and regulations applied by each member separately can harm the quality of free competition (Atilgan, 2007). Environment Acquis is the organ of European law targeted the environment. Environment law includes horizontal or cross cutting legislation (for instance, Environmental Impact Assessment), and the entry of Framework Directives (e.g., air, waste, water) to better combine laws for the same environmental area. Applying of the Acquis into national laws is a operation includes acceptence of specific binding legal measures (e.g., quality and technical standards, testing and notification requirements) and country-specific decisions on optional and recommended legal measures (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 1993, EU constituted Copenhagen Criteria inculiding acquis communautaire in the Copenhagen Summit. Acquis communautaire is formed of 31 topics inwhich the environment is 22th. EU assesses the adoption process of the candidate country in progress reports according to acquis communautaire including environment. The environmental acquis consist of several sub sections. First, Horizontal legislation of environmental acquis includes 6 main parts they are,environmental impact assessment (EIA); accession to environmental information; reporting; the European Environment Agency; the Loan Instrument for the Environment (LIFE) and associated policy; and civil protection. Except horiziontal legislation, EU environmental acquis has 8 main legislation covering wide range of environmental areas. These are, water quality, air quality,waste material management ,protection of nature, the prevention of industrial pollution and on risk management, chemical substances and genetically mutated organisms, noise, nuclear safety and precautions against radiation (Kayikci, 2005) In 1998, the European Council decided to combine EU Environment Law more emphatically with national governments strategies, activating the Cardiff Process. The Cardiff Process concentrates on nine major sectors and has concluded in development of new environment-associated directives. According to these directives, implementation is more directly on sectoral authorities rather than the environment administration. As a result, the Environment Acquis is introducing not only possibilities for sustainable development and growth in Europe, but also complications and obstacles for implementation. Implementation needs an combined approach with government administration that includes coordination mechanisms across government, local responsibility and action, public participation, and accountability of state institutions. The EU also has constituted an Emissions Trading Directive in 2003 that brought a new cap and trade policy for carbon emissions, which necessitates each Member State to comply with the EU on a national allowance plan and introduce administrative systems to enable internal trade of carbon permit allowances. Two of the heavy investment directives under the Environment Acquisthe Industrial Pollution and Prevention Control (IPPC) Directive and the Large Combustion Plant (LCP) Directive introduces upgrades in air pollution control technologies and equipment in large industrial polluters. The private sector would normally afford improvement costs, except for state-owned industries (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 2006 The European Union introduced an ambitious target to limit its GHG emissions, by 2020, to 20% below the level of 1990; and call the rest of the industrialised countries and the less developed world to join to the Kyoto Protocol (Telli, 2008) 7. Harmonization of Environmental Policies of Turkey with European Union As for Turkey, complying with the environmental acquis and implementation are problematical. In order to comply with the acquis Turkey has to undertake a large number of expensive implementation. Additional to that, implementation has impact on competitiveness and resource that are used and needed by other importan social requirements (Van Ooik et al, 2009). According to The 2008 Turkeys Pogress Report lays out the major areas relating adoption and tne implementation the environmental acquis. Regarding horizontal legislation, Turkey adopted most of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) directive, but methods for consulting the public and trans-boundary consultations are not fully adjusted. Turkey signed the Kyoto Protocol but The Emissions Trading Directive has not been transfered. A GHG emissions trading scheme has not yet been constituted. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive also is at an early phase. There is no breakthrough transferring the acquis on environmental liability, public contribution and public admission to environmental information (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf) The Energy Efficiency Law (EEL) of Turkey was improved according to Turkeys missions of adopting the EU directives. Turkey expected to realise 2530% savings in total energy consumption with the law which was came into force on 2007. The law utilises the efficient use of energy and adresses the administrative structuring, energy auditing, financial instruments and incentives, awareness raising and the establishment of an Energy Service Company (ESCO) market for energy efficiency (EE) services (Okay et al, 2008) Regarding air quality, Turkey made good adjusments relating to air quality framework legislation. The administrative potential for regional air quality has been enhanced by building a clean air centre in Marmara but there is no progress in the field of acquis on emissions of volatile organic compounds, on the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels or on national emission ceilings (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf) Some adjustments are made relating to the waste management acquis, although a national waste management plan is still insufficient. Also in the field of water quality, adjustments with the aquis is insufficient, but there is a little progress (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). In the field of nature protection, Turkey got into line with the acquis regarding establishment and management of zoos but the level of implementation is still very low. A law on nature protection and implementing legislation on birds and habitats have not yet been internalised. A draft relating to a biodiversity strategy and action plan have been arranged, but not yet internalised by the government (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). There is no progress in the field of industrial pollution control and risk management. Turkey got in the line with some provisions of the Seveso II Directive and with the Large Combustion Plants and Waste Incineration Directives (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). Turkey has achieved a limited progress relating to chemicals where the total adoption and implementation remains low. There is no development on genetically modified organisms. Turkey nearly reached full alignment with the acquis regarding noise, butnoise maps and action stragey is still at an early phase (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). There is a lack of administrative capacity in order to establish national environmental agency. Adopting of environmental protection into other policy areas and assuring that new investments comply with the environmental acquis are at an early phase. Some of the old legislations like the Mining Law and the tourism legislation, are bring huge damage to natural areas (Van Ooik et al, 2009). 8. Cost of Environmental and Energy Policies Turkey ratified the Kyoto Protocol, but Protocol does not put an additional load on Turkey until 2012. Turkey was not a party to the convention adopted in 1992, when the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated, and it is not currently included in the agreements Annex B, which includes 39 countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 (World Wildlife Fund, 2009). Also the burden that the Copenhagen deal will bring, is not certified yet as the parties are still negotiating the limits on GHG emissions and how these limits allocate between eveloped countries and developing countries. Although Turkey is not yet bound with the Kyoto Protocol, EU harmonisation process has become the major driving force in national environmental reform. Strong national and economic and development planing, adoption of environmental attentionshas been achieved in many sectors in order to promote sustainable development. A number of actions have been undertaken by the goverment in the post 2000 period. 8.1 Taxes Taxes that relates with environment corresponds 15,2% of total tax reveneu and 4,8% of GDP in 2004. These shares had increased from 7,2% of total tax reveneu and 1,6% of GDP in 1995. According to OECD 2007 data, the share of fuel and motor vehicle taxes which relate environmentally friendly tax reveneu is very high (%95) (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008). 8.2 Subsidies Financial supports which are provided by the goverment can have impact on the environment. Some subdiea can be environmentally harmful while they deform prices and resorce alignment decisions. In Turkey the body of agricultural subsidies has moved towards more environmentally friendly agriculture. The share of input payments are cut down from 30% in 1986-1988 to less than 2% in 2003-2005. On the other hand, relating to energy subsidies, hard coal remains subsidied. Current hard coal prices do not permit state owned coal producers to recover costs so they recieve subsidies to cover the cost of labor (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008). 8.3 Environmental spending Pollution abatement and control (PAC) spending was forcasted at 1,2% of GDP in 2006. It is an increase from 1,1% in 1997.In 2005, supporting of public environmental investment came from four major sorces: local authorities (68%), the goverment (19,5%) and external sources (e.g. EU, World Bank) (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008). In the future it is forecasted that implementaition of EU environmental regulations will need total sppending of EUR 58 billion between 2007 and 2023. Implementation of EU water directives will need investments accounting for 60% of total. The central goverment is expected to afford 13% of total funding, local administrations 37%, the private sector 26% and public ventures 2%. External finance is forecasted to contribute 22% of total expenditure (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008) 8.4 Renewable Energy As this study stated, Turkey is mainly an energy importing country because of the scarce domestic fossil energy resources. Currently, much of the attention is targeted on the energy resorces and pipelines in Turkey. The total investment required in the energy sector between 2002 and 2015 will be approximately US$ 65 billion and 82% of this investment is for planning investments. So Turkey has to establish long term energy strategies to decrease the fossil fuel share and increase the renewables share for the main energy consumption. Turkey has huge capacity for energy efficiency developments. Using this capacity could lower the environmental emissions and increase security of supply. The capacity for renewables is also considerable (Kaygusuz, 2002) 5471 word count The main obstacle to use renewable energy is that all those kind of sources have low energy intensity per unit area. The other four main obstacles are economic obstacles,cost of technologies, financing issues and scientific and technical obstacles. Economic obstacles are accepted as the main barier to introduce renewable energy technologies. These factors include the cost of renewable technologies and their level ofelectricity they produce; difficulties in acquiring financing for renewable technologies, the failure to add externalities in the cost of generating electricity; and the money and interests already invest in existing infrastructure and technology. Also capital requirements to install renewable energy is very high because of the high per unit of capacity installed. This could be lower the acces to funding. These type of barriers keep renewable energy out of profitable use and producer tend to use fossil energy sources which are more easy to use and more profitable then the renewable energy sources (Nalan et al, 2009) 8.4.1 Hydropower The major disavantage of hydropower is the primary capital cost. Small-scale hydro dams could cause social and environmental problems. In addition, they could lower power shortage fragility during dry seasons experienced in large hydro plants. Hydropower releases no CO2 directly, but is less dependable than fuel plants due to dry seasons (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.2 Solar Energy Currently solar water heaters cost less comparing to past years. Domestic water heating by electricity has a share of 20-30% of the annual electricity consumption. Because of the daylight times, electiricty storage or back up is needed, so cost is increasing and additional environmental problems could occur. Additional to that there are obstacles to usephotovoltaic systems (PV). Higher cost of power generation is main obstacle comparing to conventional means of producing energy. Also insufficient financing, maket obstacles regarding the lack of large scale productmanufacturing and distribution, lack of support infrastructures, import tariffs and institutional barriers are the other obstacles that encourage to use of conventional means of energy generation (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.3Wind Energy A wind turbine with a potential a t least 500 KW, in ideal location, can generate 1.3 million KWh year . A 500-kW capacity turbine is need13,700 ha of land. In order to produce this level of electiricty , primary investment needed is about US$ 500,000, and annual operating cost of US$ 40,500. There is no legislation relating to wind turbines in Turkey. The Turkish industry has also a limited capacity to produce turbines. The scale and cost of a wind farm will demand private investment with an attractive rate of return (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.4 Geothermal energy Geothermal energy needs high cost of capital invesment. Also it can cause serious enviromental difficulties likewater shortages, air pollution, and waste effluent disposal, but the environmental effects of geothermal energy seem to be limited relative to those of fossil fuel systems (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.5 Biomass The major technology to produce heat and electricity is combustion. Turkey has leading technology players in this area and market risk is low. Central state supports potentially more environmental friendly systems like gasification and pyrolysis. The biomass fuel has relatively low CO2 emissions, it is almost near zero. But it is hard to collect large amount of biomass wastes due to their disperse nature. Transportation of biomass is also difficult and costly. The costs of biomass wastes is volatile due to productions and economic condition (Nalan et al, 2009). Turkeys energy distribution according to sectors is like this industry 36%, heating 35%, transportation 20%, and other areas 9%. The major energy consumers of the industrial sectors are the iron and steel sector, chemicals and petrochemicals, and textile and leather industries. Because of the scarce domestic energy sources and production capacity, Turkey depends on import primarily on oil and gas (Okay et al, 2008). In 1996, a study of the MENR evaluated that the capacity for energy conservation in industry at 4.2 Mtoe (approximately 25% of industrial energy consumtion for that year) and an average cash value of $1 billion/year. The total investment needed to realise this conservation capacity would be near to $2.4 billion. The payback phase for these investments would differ from a minimum of one year to a maximum of three years (Ocak et al, 2004) Also 70% of energy is used for heating in the residential/commercial sector. Energy use can be lowered by half with the application new heat insulation standard. Addition to that, study carried out by the World Banks ESMAP program, main efficiency developments can be possible in power generation by enhancing power plant size from the existing average of 150340 MW (coal fired units), by demanding higher efficiency specifications for new plants and by increasing the use of cogeneration (Ocak et al, 2004).